Jul 10, 2011 0
I wrote an article on the UNIX philosohpy for the blog ioexception.de (in german).
The article explains some of the concepts behind modern unix-like operating systems like GNU/Linux, Mac OS X, *BSD or Solaris. These concepts are not limited to operating systems, but extend to a general style of developing and working on projects.
UNIX was developed specifically for experts. For people who know what they do and what they want.
Jul 9, 2011 0
After WikiLeaks released the diplomatic cables on 28. November 2010, several DNS services refused to resolve the domains. In the days and weeks after this incident about 2.200 mirror sites were set up by volunteers. This event shows how the decentralized structure of the internet was used to prevent censorship and depression.
The video shows a visualization of the wikileaks mirrors.
Finding all domains for the mirrors was not a problem, there are several sites listing adresses on a simple HTML page. This list can easily be parsed (for that task I used node.js). For resolving these domains to a WGS84 coordinate I used the same free GeoIP database as in the traceroute project. For more details on resolving domains to coordinates and mapping them on a globe see my last blog post (visualizing traceroute).
It is pretty interesting that the servers in fact are distributed over the whole world. Most of them are located — not really surprisingly — in Central Europe. But there are also some mirrors in China. Of course these results give no 100% exact location, but I think a tendency is clearly visible.
I’ve put together a little video of the global mirror distribution:
Jul 9, 2011 0
Notice: This article was originally published on the blog ioexception.de (in german).
To get more familiar with Processing and OpenGL I wrote a graphical frontend for the Unix progarm traceroute. The output of traceroute is a list of stations a packet takes on it’s way through the network. This way network connection can easily be debugged, for example.
Technically this is realized with a “Time-To-Live”-field in the header of IP-packets. The TTL-entry describes after how many stations a packet should be discarded. Each router, which the packet passes, decrements this field. Once the TTL reaches 0 the packet is discarded and the sender gets notified with the ICMP-message TIME_EXCEEDED.
traceroute makes use of this and repeatedly sends packets to the destination host. The TTL gets incremented with each packet until the destination host is reached. The hosts on the route will give notice via ICMP-message. This way we will gather informations about the hosts and hopefully be able to identify the individual hosts on the route. The route may not be correct inevitably. There are several reasons for possible variations, e.g. firewalls often completely disable ICMP.
For the visualization I have tied traceroute to Processing. For further explanations on how to this see my blog post at ioexception.de. Though the post is in german the code will make things clear. It’s not really a complicated to do. The frontend reads the output of the command traceroute domain.org until EOF. Each line gets parsed and each individual host is resolved to an IP-address. Then a coordinate for this IP is assigned.
The coordinates can then — with some sin/cos magic — be mapped on a globe. Resolving IPs to a Geolocation is realized using a GeoIP database. GeoIP databases assign a coordinate for an IP with a certain probability and are not specifically 100% exact. But for our purpose this will do. There are some free suppliers and many commerical ones. I decided to give the free GeoLite City by Maxmind a go. This way we can resolve IP adresses to a WGS84 coordinate.
For the fronted I wrote a visualization in Java using the Processing API. The texture of the globe gets furthered rendered using a shader written in GLSL. Libraries I used: GLGraphics (OpenGL Rendering Engine for Processing), controlP5 (Button, Slider, Textfield) and toxiclibs (Interpolation & more numerical methods).
The source code is available under MIT on GitHub: visual-traceroute.
Some eye candy can be found within this video:
Design based upon 5thirtyone.com.
